Author Topic: Can we be like them?  (Read 6483 times)

Hopalong

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #30 on: January 07, 2008, 08:49:48 PM »
How about a little cognitive work on that, Lup?

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It is just that what I say is not important or iteresting.

I'm sorry you feel ignored.

I care about you.

love
Hops
"That'll do, pig, that'll do."

lighter

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #31 on: January 07, 2008, 09:05:45 PM »
How come a substance can make a difference in how we react?

 can feel wonderful after meds.

We need to talk about that some time.


Which meds do you take and please tell my how you came up with that choice, Lupita.

I'm sure you did your research and there seems to be so many choices for everything.

Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #32 on: January 07, 2008, 09:17:49 PM »
Xanax. Only wne necessary.


I came with that about a long research.

I have to stop writing to people who do not answer my questions. it is very frustrating. I have to comply with that. That is going to be a boundary. If I ask a question ans the person simply ignores it i will not wirte to that person again. I will not. And I had topped doing it. But I felt into temptation again and again i ended up feeling bad, igonored and my questions were not asnwered.

I had top. Why did I start again.  :x  I wont again. i wont.

lighter

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #33 on: January 13, 2008, 07:59:37 PM »
Thanks for answering, Lupita.

How does that work?

Does it replace chemicals in the brain or just releive tension in the moment?

Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #34 on: January 13, 2008, 08:17:30 PM »
It binds to the same neuronal receptors that alcohol does producing musle relaxation and a little sedation. It the best medication for anxiety.

Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #35 on: January 13, 2008, 08:24:06 PM »
Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine[4], that is, a benzodiazepine with a triazolo-ring attached to its structure. Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by modulating the GABAA subtype of the GABA receptor, the most prolific inhibitory receptor within the brain. The GABAA receptor is made up from 5 subunits out of a possible 19, and GABAA receptors made up of different combinations of subunits have different properties, different locations within the brain and importantly, different activities in regards to benzodiazepines.

In order for GABAA receptors to be sensitive to the action of benzodiazepines they need to contain an α and a γ subunit, where the benzodiazepine binds. Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the GABAA receptor into a conformation where the neurotransmitter GABA has much higher affinity for the GABAA receptor, increasing the frequency of opening of the associated Chloride ion channel and hyperpolarising the membrane. This potentiates the inhibitory effect of the available GABA leading to sedatory and anxiolytic effects. As mentioned, different benzodiazepines can have different affinities for GABAA receptors made up of different collection of subunits. For instance, benzodiazepines with high activity at the α1 are associated with sedation whereas those with higher affinity for GABAA receptors containing α2 and/or α3 subunits have greater anxiolytic activity.


Leah

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #36 on: January 13, 2008, 08:30:03 PM »
What does GABA mean?
Jun 2006 voiceless seeking

April 2008 - "The Gaslight Effect" How to Spot & Survive by Dr. Robin Stern - freedom of understanding!

The Truth About Abuse VIDEO

lighter

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #37 on: January 13, 2008, 08:34:07 PM »
Thanks Lupita.

What do you know about ADHD drugs?

Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #38 on: January 13, 2008, 08:40:37 PM »
Gaba is a neuronal receptor. There are many kinds of receptors in the brain.



Ritalin and there are some more moderns. They are all cousins of anphtemanines.

Leah

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #39 on: January 13, 2008, 08:50:36 PM »
Thanks, Lupita, for explaining, appreciated.
Jun 2006 voiceless seeking

April 2008 - "The Gaslight Effect" How to Spot & Survive by Dr. Robin Stern - freedom of understanding!

The Truth About Abuse VIDEO

Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #40 on: January 13, 2008, 09:02:04 PM »
The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. There are three classes of GABA receptors: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAС.

GABAA and GABAС receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors), whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (also known as metabotropic receptors).

Contents [hide]
1 Ligand-gated ion channels
1.1 GABAA
1.2 GABAС
1.3 Common characteristics
2 G protein coupled receptor: GABAB
3 Summary
4 References
5 External links
 


[edit] Ligand-gated ion channels

[edit] GABAA
It has long been recognized that the fast response of neurons to GABA that is blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin is due to direct activation of an anion channel.[1][2][3][4][5]

This channel was subsequently termed the GABAA receptor.[1] Fast-responding GABA receptors are members of family of Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels.[6][7][8] Members of this superfamily, which includes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAA and GABAС receptors, glycine and 5-HT3 receptors, possess a characteristic loop formed by a disulphide bond between two cysteine residues.


[edit] GABAС
A second type of ionotropic GABA receptors, insensitive to typical allosteric modulators of GABAA receptor channels such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates,[9][10][11] was designated GABAС receptor.[12][13]

Native responses of the GABAС receptor type occur in retinal bipolar or horizontal cells across vertebrate species.[14][15][16][17] GABAС receptors are exclusively composed of ρ subunits that are related to GABAA receptor subunits.[18][19][20]

Although the term "GABAС receptor" is frequently used, GABAС may be viewed as a variant within the GABAA receptor family.[6] However others have argued that the differences between GABAС and GABAA receptors are large enough to justify maintaining the distinction between these two subclasses of GABA receptors.[21]


[edit] Common characteristics
In ionotropic GABAA and GABAС receptors, binding of GABA molecules to their binding sites in the extracellular part of receptor triggers opening of a chloride ion-selective pore.

Opening of a chloride conductance drives the membrane potential towards the reversal potential of the Cl¯ ion which is about –80 mV in neurons, inhibiting the firing of new action potentials.

However, there are numerous reports on GABAA receptors, which are actually excitatory. This phenomenon is due to increased intracellular concentration of Cl¯ ions either during development of the nervous system[22][23] or in certain cell populations.[24][25][26]

After this period of development, a Chloride pump is upregulated and inserted into the cell membrane, pumping Cl- ions into the extracellular space of the cell. Further openings via GABA binding to the receptor then produce inhibitory responses. Over-excitation of this receptor induces receptor remodeling and the eventual invagination of the GABA receptor. As a result, further GABA binding becomes inhibited and IPSPs are no longer relevant.


[edit] G protein coupled receptor: GABAB
A slow response to GABA is mediated by GABAB receptors,[27] originally defined on the basis of pharmacological properties.[28]

In studies focused on the control of neurotransmitter release, it was noted that a GABA receptor was responsible for modulating evoked release in a variety of isolated tissue preparations. This ability of GABA to inhibit neurotransmitter release from these preparations was not blocked by bicuculline, was not mimicked by isoguvacine, and was not dependent on Cl¯, all of which are characteristic of the GABAA receptor. The most striking discovery was the finding that baclofen (β-parachlorophenyl GABA), a clinically employed spasmolytic[29][30] mimicked, in a stereoselective manner, the effect of GABA.

Later ligand-binding studies provided direct evidence of binding sites for baclofen on central neuronal membranes.[31] cDNA cloning confirmed that the GABAB receptor belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors.[32] Additional information on GABAB receptors has been reviewed elsewhere.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]


[edit] Summary
Thus, GABAA and GABAС receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.

This has a parallel to several other systems in the body, where a single molecule binds to receptors which function in completely different ways:

acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
serotonin binds to 5-HT3 and metabotropic receptors
glutamate binds to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

lighter

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #41 on: January 13, 2008, 09:07:37 PM »
How do you know if your serotonin levels are OK or not, Lupita?

Generally and for everyone going through a rough patch?

How do we know if taking something to reastablish serotonin levels is recommended or not?


Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #42 on: January 13, 2008, 09:13:02 PM »
There are indications and contraindications for antidepressants.

There are so many, that I would not dare to say.

Only a doctor can decide. But antidepresants interact with too many other drugs, so that ia also a big problem

Alos, they have rebound.

The most used and more modern are SSRIs.

Very delicate sobject. Your PCP has to check the patient labs, before prescribng them.

SSRI give head ache, mouth driness, retroeyaculation, sexual disfunction, gain weight, so much so much.

lighter

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #43 on: January 13, 2008, 09:15:46 PM »
So it's a guessing game, as to whether Serotonin levels are low or not?

It's not something that can be tested?


Lupita

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Re: Can we be like them?
« Reply #44 on: January 13, 2008, 09:22:38 PM »
As far as I know, no. Depression is a DX of exclussion. First you have to do all kinds of labs and then after not encountering causes, you label the patient.

First you have to exclude lack of vitamines, hypothyroidism, anemia, etc.